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Read this article to learn about the history, foundation and dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire !
Its Foundation:
The Vijayanagara kingdom was founded by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty in 1336. At the instance of their guru Vidyaranya, they established their kingdom with its capital at Vijayanagar.
Harihara became the first ruler, and by 1346 the whole of Hoysala kingdom passed into the hands of the Vijayanagara rulers.
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- The Vijayanagara kingdom was founded by Harihara and Bukka of the Sangama dynasty in 1336. At the instance of their guru Vidyaranya, they established their kingdom with its capital at Vijayanagar. Harihara became the first ruler, and by 1346 the whole of Hoysala kingdom passed into the hands of the Vijayanagara rulers.
.Map showing the Vijayanagara empire with capital city and current country boundaries. Vijayanagara dynasty existed from 1446 to 1520. Disclaimer: All efforts have been made to make this image.
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Bukka succeeded his brother on the throne of Vijayanagara in 1336 and ruled till 1337. By 1337, the Sultanate of Madurai had been annexed.
The interests of the Vijayanagara rulers and the Bahamani kingdom which had come into existence in 1347, clashed in three separate and distinct areas: in the Tungabhadra doab, in the Krishna- Godavari delta and in the Marathwada country.
Image Source: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Street_vending_stalls_at_the_time_of_Vijayanagara_empire,_Hampi.JPGThe beginning of the Vijayanagar-Bahmani conflict started on a large scale during the reign of Bukka I in 1367. He also sent an embassy to the Emperor of China. Under Harihara II (1377-1406) Vijayananara Empire embarked upon a policy of eastern expansion. He was able to maintain his position in the face of the Bahmani-Warangal combination. He invaded Ceylon.
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Deva Raya I (1406-22) was defeated by the Bahmani ruler Firoz Shah in 1407. He had to give his daughter in marriage to Firoz Shah. He defeated the Reddis of Kondavidu and recovered Udayagiri. In 1419, he defeated Firoz Shah.
Deva Raya II (1422-1446) was the greatest ruler of the Sangama dynasty. He began the practice of employing Muslims in the army. He was called Immadi Deva Raya. In his inscriptions he has the title of Gajabetekara (the elephant hunter). Dindima was his court poet. Abdur Razzak of Persia visited his kingdom. Deva Raya II is the author of two Sanskrit works Mahanataka Sudhanidhi and a commentary on the Brahmasutras of Badrayana.
There was confusion in the Vijayanagara Empire after the death of Deva Raya II. Since the rule of primogeniture was not established, there was a series of civil wars among the contenders. After some time, the throne was usurped by the king’s minister Saluva Narsimha and the Saluva dynasty was established.
Saluva dynasty (1486-1505):
Vira Narsimha (1503-04) the regent of Immadi Narasimha, usurped the throne after his assassination and laid the foundation of the Tuluva dynasty in 1505.
Tuluva dynasty (1505-1570):
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Vira Narasimha had the title of Bhujabala (1505-09). After his brief reign, he was succeeded by his younger brother Krishna Deva Raya (1509-30 A.D.) who was the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire. Under him, Vijayanagara emerged as the strongest military power in the south. He defeated the rebellious chiefs of Ummattur, the Gajapatis of Orissa and Sultan Adil Shah of Bijapur.
He successfully invaded Gulbarga and Bidar and restored the puppet Sultan Mahmud to the throne. To commemorate this act of restoration he assumed the title of’ Yavanarajya Sthapanacharya’ (The restorer of the Yavana kingdom). He conquered almost the whole of Telangana from the Gajapati king Pratapraudra and the Sultan of Golcunda.
Krishna Deva Raya maintained friendly relations with Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor whose ambassador Friar Luis resided at Vijayanagar. His relations with Portuguese were governed by two factors:
(a) Common enemity with Bijapur.
(b) The supply of imported horses by the Portuguese to Vijayanagar.
Krishna Deva Raya was also a great patron of art and literature, and was known as Andhra Bhoja. He was the author of the Telugu work Amuktamalyada and one Sanskrit work Jambavati Kalyanam. His court was adorned by the Ashtadiggajas (the eight celebrated poets), of whom, Allasani Peddana was the greatest.
His important works include Manucharitam and Harikatha Saramsamu. Krishna Deva Raya also built the famous temples of Krishnaswamy, Hazara Ramaswamy and Vitthalaswamy at his capital. Foreign travellers like Nuniz, Barbosa and Paes speak of his efficient administration and the prosperity of his empire.
After the death of Krishna Deva Raya, the struggle for succession followed among his relations. After the uneventful reigns of Achyuta Raya and Venkata, Sadasiva Raya ascended the throne in 1543. But the real power was in the hands of Rama Raja, theson-in law of Krishna Deva. The Bahmani rulers except Berar combined to inflict a crushing defeat on Vijayanagar in the Battle of Talikota or Rakshasa- Tangadi in 1565.
This battle is generally considered to mark the end of the great age of Vijayanagara. Although the kingdom lingered on for almost one hundred years under the Aravidu dynasty founded by Tirumala Raya with its capital at Penugonda, it came it to an end in 1672.
The Vijaynagar Empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka in AD 1336 and made Hastinavati (Hampi) as the capital city. They ruled over Andhra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and parts of Kerala in southern India. Here, we are giving the gist of cultural history of Vijaynagar Empire that will refine the knowledge about how architecture, art, music and literature developed under this kingdom.
Architecture under Vijaynagar Empire
1. The temple building activity of the Vijayanagar rulers produced a new style, called the Vijayanagar style. Though often characterized as Dravida Style, it had its own distinct features.
2. The distinct features of the architecture were the pillars and the complicated manner in which they were sculptured.
3. The horse was the most common animal to be depicted on the pillars.
Source: images.inmagine.com
4. The temples had a Mandapam or open pavilion with a raised platform, generally meant for seating the deity on special occasions. It also had a Kalyana Mandapam with elaborately carved pillars. The most magnificent of the temples in this style are in Hampi (Vijayanagar). Vitthalaswamy and the Hazara Ramaswamy temples are the best examples.
Source: images.inmagine.com
5. The Raya Gopurams, towers in commemoration of the visit of emperors in different corners of the empire, are also important examples of architecture of the period.
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6. In the Vijayanagar temples the central part was occupied by the Garbhagriha—the sanctum cell where the presiding deity was installed.
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7. Amman shrine was meant for the consort of the God.
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Literature under Vijaynagar Empire
![Vijayanagar empire map Vijayanagar empire map](/uploads/1/1/8/8/118883396/101360786.jpg)
The Vijayanagar rulers were also great patrons of literature. Under their patronage, several religious as well as secular books were composed in different languages such as Sanskrit, Telugu, Kannada and Tamil. The peak of literary development was reached during the reign of Krishna Raya, who is rightly called 'Andhra Bhoja'.
Works in Telugu
1. Up to 1500 AD most of the books were written in the form of translations.
2. Famous scholars were Srinatha, Pothana, Jakkama and Duggana, who translated Sanskrit and Prakrit works into telugu.
3. During Bukka I‘s time, Gangadevi wrote MaduraVijayam.
4. Devaraya I constructed a Peran hall to hours the scholars.
5. Devaraya II wrote two Sanskrit works, Mahantaka Sudhanidhi and a commentary on the Brahmasutras of Badrayana.
6. Devraya II gave the title of Kanakkabhisekha to Srinatha who wrote Sringara Naishada, Sivar-otrimahatyam, Kasikandha, Bhim-kanda, Harivilasam and Ponditaradhya Charita.
7. Bommara Pothana popularly (Niyogi) translated the Bhagwat Purana into Telugu and also wrote Virbhadra Vijayam.
8. Krishnadeva Raya wrote ‘Amuktamalyada', a book on polity in Telugu and also a Sanskrit drama ‘Jambavati Kalyanam'.
9. Allasani Peddana (Andhrakavi Pitamha) wrote Manucharitam and Harikathasarammsamu.
10. Tenaliramakrishna wrote Pandura-ngamahatyam.
11. Dharajati wrote Kalahastimahatyam.
12. Madayya wrote Rajasekharacharitam.
13. Pingali Suranna wrote Raghavapan-daviyam and Prabhavari Padyumna.
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14. Ramabhadra wrote Sakaramatasara Sangraham.
15. Ramaraj a Bhusan wrote Narasabhu- paliyan and Harischandra Nalopa- khyanam.
16. Achyuta Raya Patronised Rajanatha and the poetess Tirumalambadevi who wrote Vardambika Parinayam.
17. Ramaraya patronized Ramayama- tya, an authority on music. Tirumala commented on Jayadeva's Gitagovinda, Vaishnavite Saint Poetess Molla wrote Mollaramayana in the time of Tirumala. Bhattamurthi, a scholar wrote Vasucharita in times of Tirumala.
18. Dikshitar wrote a commentary on the Vedas and explained Advaita Philosophy Vemana wrote Vemanasatakas, moralist literature in Telugu.
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19. Elugandi Peddana translated Leelavati, a maths book into Telugu.
Works in Kannada
1. Narahari (Kumaravalmiki) composed a popular version of Ramayana called Torve Ramayan.
2. Kumaravyas composed Mahabharta in Kannada.
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3. Vithalnath translated Bhagwat Purana into Kannada.
4. Vaishnav Saints Purandhardas, Kanakdas and Sripathraja contributed to Kannada literature through Bhakti songs and Kirthans. Bhimakavi wrote Basava Purana
5. Chamarasa wrote Prabhulinglai.
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6. Virupaksha Pandit wrote Chennabasva Purana.
Artunder Vijaynagar Empire
1. Music: Vijayanagar period is known for origin of Carnatic music under Purandhar Das period known for origin of Rudraveens.
2. Dance: Bharatanatyam was promoted. Drama Yakshagana was a popular dance drama closely associated with temple walls.
3. Paintings: Themes of Ramayana and Tlahabharta on temple walls.
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4. Sculpture: Largest number of portrait sculptures in this period. Portrait sculpture of Krishnadeva Raya and his queens is seen at Tirumala.
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In the above ‘Cultural History of Vijayanagar’ deals with the cultural glorious epoch of Vjaynagar Empire. The kings of this empire were great patrons of music, literature and architecture which can see even today also. For example- Someshwar, Vidyashankara, Narasimhaswamy etc.